Five kingdoms

The differences between fungi and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognized. For example, at one point Haeckel moved the fungi out of Plantae into Protista, before changing his mind. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly on differences in nutrition; his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs, and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system.

Kingdom (biology)

In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, pl. regna) is a taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank belowdomain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla (in zoology) or divisions in botany.

Characteristics of Aves

Aves Appearance

Characteristics of Class Aves are given below:
1) The members of class aves are commonly known as birds.
2) They are worm-blooded with an exoskeleton of feathers.
3) Body usually spindle shaped, with four divisions: head, neck, trunk, and tail; neck disproportionately long for balancing and food gathering.
4) Limbs paired; forelimbs usually modified for flying; posterior pair variously adapted for perching, walking, and swimming; foot with four toes.
5) Epidermal covering of feathers and leg scales.
6) Thin integument of epidermis and dermis.
7) No sweat glands.
8) Oil or preen gland at base of tail.
9) Pinna of ear rudimentary.
10) Fully ossified skeleton with air cavities.
11) Skull bones fused with one occipital condyle.
12) Each jaw covered with a keratinized sheath, forming a beak.
13) No teeth; ribs with strengthening, uncinate processes.
14) Posterior caudal vertebrae reduced and fused as the pygostyle.
15) Pelvic girdle a synsacrum.
16) Aerythrocytes sternum usually well developed with keel.
17) Single bone in middle ear.
18) Fused bones in pelvis, feet, hands, and head
19) Lightweight bones (bones that are either hollow or spongy/strutted)
20) Endothermic

Characteristics of Mammals

Mammal Appearance

A Mammal is normally defined as a warm-blooded animal with a covering of fur, skin or hair which gives birth to live young who are nourished with milk, and who are vertebrate. All mammals suckle their young, but there is a sub-group known as monotremes, which are the egg-laying mammals. This group includes just the platypus and the echidna. They are still mammals because, like all mammals, they feed their young on mothers' milk. Mammals also breathe through lungs. 



Most mammals are also characterised by the following anatomical features: 

- A flexible neck with seven cervical vertebrae 
- Mammals also show enhanced neocortex development 
- Sound is produced by the larynx (a modified region of the trachea) 
- limbs are oriented vertically 
- The mammalian heart has 4 chambers 
- Internal temperature is generally high 
- Egg development occurs in the uterus (excluding monotremata) 
- They have sweat glands 
- A single jaw bone 
- Diaphragm 
- Three bones for a middle ear 
- Give birth to young alive 
- Feeds milk to its young 
- Has hair on its body

Taxonomy

Classification of Vertebrates

Classification of Vertebrates or Taxonomy talking about 5 classes of vertebrate. Which are Mammals, Reptiles, Aves, Amphibians, and Pisces.

1. Amphibians is one of 5 classes from group of vertebrates. The word Amphibia means "double lives." They live both on land and in the water. Amphibians are cold-blooded animals with a three-chambered heart as well as other organs commonly found in most vertebrates. Typical examples of amphibians are frogs, toads, and salamanders. Most amphibians have soft, smooth skin, which is kept moist by mucous glands. Some, however, such as the toad, have dry, bumpy skin. For example, frog.
2. Birds (Aves). Birds, which are in the class Aves, are evolutionarily linked to reptiles. Notice the scales on this bird's legs. Looking at the extinct Archaeopteryx, which exists today only in fossil form, we can perhaps see the way certain physical characteristics from each group have been merged. Feathers, which come in all shapes, sizes, and colours, are certainly an important distinguishing characteristic of birds. Feathers serve many useful purposes, including insulation for the body and protection from moisture. Their special coloration may be useful for concealment or for attracting a mate.
3. Fish (Pisces). Fish and amphibians are vertebrates with special characteristics that allow them to spend all or part of their lives in water. There are two classes of fish in the subphylum Vertebrata.
4. Mammals. Along with the fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds we've already looked at, mammals are also classified as vertebrate members of the phylum Chordata. The giraffe is one of a variety of species that belong to the phylum Chordata, class Mammalia. Because of their refined nervous and reproductive systems, mammals are generally considered the most advanced members of the animal kingdom. After they are born, mammals are nourished with milk secreted by the mammary glands of their mothers. It is for this unique characteristic that mammals are named.
5. Reptiles. Members of the class Reptilia are regarded by scientists as more sophisticated than either fish or amphibians, but less sophisticated than either birds or mammals. Some of the more common members of the class Reptilia are turtles, snakes, and lizards.

Conclusion

Humans have developed an intelligence that enables us to use the raw materials of the planet to suit our own unique needs. We can transform rock into metals and glass, and use the metals to construct various forms of transportation. We can fly to the moon, create brilliant art, and provide food and nourishment for our citizens.

Branch of Biology

These are the main branches of biology:

• Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles
• Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
• Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
• Arachnology – the study of arachnids
• Astrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy
• Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
• Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
• Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
• Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
• Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
• Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics
• Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease
• Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
• Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
• Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment
• Botany – the study of plants
• Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
• Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
• Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings
• Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
• Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
• Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth)
• Entomology – the study of insects
• Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
• Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
• Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
• Ethology – the study of animal behavior
• Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
• Genetics – the study of genes and heredity
• Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
• Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
• Ichthyology – the study of fish
• Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms
• Limnology – the study of inland waters
• Mammalogy – the study of mammals
• Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
• Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
• Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
• Mycology – the study of fungi
• Neurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
• Oncology – the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings
• Ornithology – the study of birds
• Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including
  • Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction
  • Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
• Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
• Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
• Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism
• Pharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines
• Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
• Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
• Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology
• Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology
• Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
• Synthetic Biology- research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature
• Taxonomy - Branch of Biology that groups and names organisms
• Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
• Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (branches include: Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammalogy, and Ornithology)

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This blog is fill with information about Biology. We're going to discuss about Branch of Biology, especially branch of biology which is talking about vertebrates classification (Taxonomy). So enjoy! :D